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Microscopy applications, for example, often use a full-spectrum quartz halogen, xenon, or mercury source, particularly when imaging in color however, a monochrome LED source is also useful for a black and white CCD camera, and also now for color applications, with the advent of “all color-RGB” and white LED light heads. Depending on the exact lighting requirements, oftentimes you can use more than one source type for a specific implementation, and most vision experts agree that one source type cannot adequately solve all lighting issues.Ĭonsider not only a source’s brightness but also its spectral content (Figure 3). However, if application flexibility, output stability, and longevity are important parameters, then LED lighting might be more appropriate. In recent years, LED technology has improved in stability, intensity, and cost-effectiveness however, it is still not as cost-effective for large area lighting, particularly compared with fluorescent sources. Historically, fluorescent and quartz halogen lighting sources have been used most commonly. Comparison of common vision lighting sources. For example, whereas LED lighting has a longer life expectancy, quartz halogen lighting may be the choice for a particular inspection because it offers greater intensity.įigure 2. Figure 2 shows the advantages and disadvantages of fluorescent, quartz halogen, and LED lighting types and relevant selection criteria, as applied to machine vision. A xenon source is useful for applications requiring a very bright strobe light. Metal halide, also known as mercury, is often used in microscopy because it has many discrete wavelength peaks, which complements the use of filters for fluorescence studies.
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Metal halide, xenon, and high-pressure sodium are more typically used in large-scale applications or in areas requiring a very bright source. The lighting sources now commonly used in machine vision are fluorescent, quartz halogen, LED, metal halide (mercury), and xenon.įluorescent, quartz halogen, and LED are the most widely used lighting types in machine vision, particularly for small- to medium-scale inspection stations. But what if the wrinkles were in a different place in the next pack on the line? In this circumstance, the wrinkles are not precluding a good barcode reading. The cellophane wrappers on packs of note cards shows the left meets all three acceptance criteria whereas the right meets only criteria one and two. Maximize the contrast on those features of interestĮach inspection is different, thus it is possible, for example, for lighting solutions that meet acceptance criteria one and two to be effective only provided there are no inconsistencies in part size, shape, orientation, placement, or environmental variables such as ambient light contribution (see Figure 1).įigure 1.When you have accumulated and analyzed the information from these areas, with respect to the specific sample and inspection requirements, you can achieve the primary goal of machine vision lighting analysis-to provide sample-appropriate lighting that meets three acceptance criteria consistently: Detailed analysis of the immediate inspection environment (physical constraints and requirements) and sample/light interactions with respect to your unique samples.
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Familiarity with the four cornerstones of vision illumination: geometry, pattern or structure, wavelength, and filters.Knowledge of lighting types and application advantages and disadvantages, vision camera and sensor quantum efficiency and spectral range, illumination techniques and their application fields relative to surface flatness and surface reflectivity.It details relevant aspects in a practical framework, with examples, where applicable, from the following areas: This guide aims to present a standard method for developing sample-appropriate lighting rather than dwell on theoretical treatments. This approach was not entirely unwarranted, as until recently there was no real vision-specific lighting on the market, meaning lighting solutions typically consisted of standard incandescent or fluorescent consumer products, with various amounts of ambient contribution. Historically, lighting often was the last aspect specified, developed, or funded, if at all. Perhaps no other aspect of vision system design and implementation has consistently caused more delays, cost overruns, and general consternation than lighting.
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